Introduction To Mechatronics System Engineering Essay

Introduction To Mechatronics System Engineering essayMechatronics is a word originated in Japan in 1980s to herald the com hive awayation of technologies which go to readyher to produce industrial robots. The word, mechatronics ,is composed of mecha from instrument and the tronics from electronics. In separate words, technologies and developed products im discussion section be incorporating electronics more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more into mechanism, intimately and organically, and making it impossible to tell where nonp aril ends and the former(a) begins. fit to the Mechatronics forum, UK a formal definition of Mechatronics is the synergistic consolidation of Mechanics and automated Engineering, Electronics, Computer technology, and IT to produce or enhance products and ashess. W.Bolton defines mechatronics as A mechatronic schema is non unless a marriage of galvanising and automatic placements and is more than just a simplicity organization it is a comple te integration of all of them. A graphical commission of mechatronics,as shown in figure 1, illustrates incorporate and inter-disciplinary approach of nature.3.PNG auspicate 1 Graphical repre displaceation of mechatronicsEven though m any people believe that the presence of robot kindred, galvanic, electronic components, and computers make a system mechatronics, others do not feel the same as in that respect is nothing wrong with the individual identity. Hence , the term mechatronics should be engage to represent a una give c ar meaning , namely ,a foundation philosophy, where mechanical, electrical, electronic components, and IT should be considered together in the shape stage itself to obtain a compact, efficient, and economic product rather than constructing the components separgontly. A mechatronic engineer essential(prenominal) be able to design and select mechanical devices, sensing elements, and actuators, analogue and digital circuits, micro touch onor-based co mponents, and gibe devices such as system of logical system gates to design novel systems.ELEMENTS OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEMVarious elements in typical mechatronic systems atomic number 18 shown and argon draw here below.Actuators and SensorsSignals and conditioningdigital logic systemsSoftw be and Data encyclopedism systemsComputers and Display devices.Actuators and SensorsSensors and actuators or soly come under mechanical systems. The actuators produce crusade or cause some implement. The demodulators detect the state of the system parameters, inputs and productions. The respective(prenominal)(a) actuators utilize in mechatronic system are pneumatic and hydraulic actuators, electro-mechanical actuators, electrical motors such as D.C motors, A.C motors, stepper motors, servo motors, and piezoelectric actuators. (Onwubolu, 2005) The various guinea pig of detectors utilize in mechatronic system are linear and rotational sensors, quickening sensors, withdraw, torque , and pressure sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, proximity sensors, light sensors.Signals and ConditioningThe mechatronic systems deal with dickens lawsuits of symbol and conditioning input and issue. The input devices receive input signals from the mechatronic systems via interfacing devices and sensors, and past send to the control circuits for conditioning or attend toing. The various input signal conditioning devices utilise in mechatronic system are discrete circuits, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-digital converters. The create signals are send to return/ peril devices through interfacing devices. (Bishop, 2002, pp. 1188-1195)Digital logic systemsDigital logic devices control overall system operation. The various digital logic systems are use in mechatronic system are logic circuits, micro ascendancys, programmable logic controllers, sequencing and timing controls, control algorithms. (Onwubolu, 2005)SoftwareAndData acquisition systems Digital logic systemsSignalsAndConditioningActuatorsAndSensorsComputersAndDisplay devicesFigure 2 Elements of a mechatronics systemSoftware and Data acquisition systemsData acquisition system acquires the issue signals from sensors in the form of potentiality, frequency, unhurtguard etc and inputting into the microprocessor or computer. Software is utilise to control the acquisition of data through DAC board. (Bishop, 2002, pp. 1150-1188) The data acquisition system consists of multiplexer, amplifier, render and control circuitry, DAC board.Computer and Display devicesComputers are use to store heavy(p) number of data and process further through software. Display devices are apply to soften visual feedback to the drug user. (Onwubolu, 2005) The various display devices utilize in mechatronic system are LEDs, CRT, LCD, digital displays etc.STAGES IN DESIGNING MECHATRONICS SYSTEMSThe design process consists of the chase stages order1 Need for designThe design process begins with a need. Needs are usually arise from dissatisfaction with an existing situation. Needs whitethorn come from inputs of operating or overhaul personal or from a customer through sales or marketing representatives. They may be to reduce cost, increase reliability or performance or just tack because of public has become bored with the product. (W.Bolton, 2003)Stage2 Analysis of business in all likelihood the most critical step in a design process is the analysis of the problem i.e., to find out the unbent nature of the problem. The true problem is not always what it seems to be at first glance. Its grandeur is often overlooked because this stage requires such a dinky break dance of the fit season to create the final design. It is advantageous to define the problem as broadly as possible. (W.Bolton, 2003) If the problem is not accurately defined, it go outing lead to a waste of time on designs and will not fulfil the need.Stage 3 Preparation of specificationThe design mu st meet the required performance specifications. in that locationfore, specification of the requirements unavoidably to be wide-awake first. This will state the problem definition of special technical terms, any con seekts placed on the termination, and the criteria that will be utilise to evaluate the design. problem statement includes all the functions required of the design, together with any desirable features. The following are some of the statements about the problem-Mass and dimensions of design.-Type and grade of motion required.-Accuracy of the element.-Input and output signal requirements of elements.-Interfaces.-Power requirements.-operating environment.-Relevant standards and code of practise, etc. (W.Bolton, 2003)Stage 4 Generation of possible solutionThis is often roll in the hayn as conceptualisation stage. The conceptualisation step is to even up the elements, mechanisms, materials, process of configuration that in some com put ination or other leave behin d in a design that satisfies the need. This is the key step for employing brightness and creativity. (W.Bolton, 2003)A vital aspect of this step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of victorious elements of the concept and arranging them in the appropriate order, surfaced and dimensioned in the proper way.Stage 5 Selection of sui accede solution or ratingThis stage involves a thorough analysis of the design. The evaluation stage involves elaborated calculation, often computer calculation of the performance of the design by employ an analytical method. (W.Bolton, 2003) The various solutions obtained in stage4 are analysed and the most suitable one is selected.Stage 6 Production of detailed designThe detail of selected design has to be worked out. It might have required the extensive simulated service testing of an experimental model or a full size prototype in order to determine the optimum details of design. (W.Bolton, 2003)Stage 7 Production of working drawingThe finalise d drawing must be mighty communicated to the person who is firing to manufacture. The communication may be vocal presentation or a design report. Detailed engineering drawings of distributively component and the assembly of the mold with complete specification for the manufacturing process are written in the design report. (W.Bolton, 2003)Stage 8 Implementation of designThe components as per the drawings are manufactured and assembled as a whole system. accusatoryA deep brown dispensing work has to design exploitation Mechatronic design methodology. The instrument is to be used in the university campus. The machine should offer the java tree of user extract like latte, cappuccino, black and expresso. The machine use real drinking chocolate bean beans and take out for this process. The machine should identify the cup size for the particular plectrum and has to detect and intimate the missing and the wrong size of cup to the user. abstract DESIGNA vital aspect of this stage is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking elements of the concept and arranging them in the proper order, sized and dimensioned in the proper way. Outline solutions are prepared for various possible models which are worked out in sufficient details to indicate the essence of obtaining each of required functions. This is the structure of creating high- direct for the system.USER REQUIREMENTSThe machine is to be used on a university campus. The machine willOffer the user choice of ingredients e.g. with or without sugar and should offer the choice of latte, cappuccino, black and expresso. The machine will use real coffee berry berry bean beans and milk.Use deuce sizes of paper cups- freehanded for latte and cappuccino and small for expresso. Cups will be put in part by the customer.Missing or wrong size cup has to be detected.The machine should sustain only 2, 1, 50 pence coins and the cost of coffee will be 1.50p. Change should be given automatically.The cost of ma chine should me not more than 2000.The time to display coin is less than 2 seconds and time to make coffee is level best 30 seconds.The dimension of coffee machine is 0.5 meter* 0.5 meter* 1 meter.Indication for system fault, system ineluctably service and if the coins in the box attains maximum take aim.Digital display dapple processing is being carried in each stage to easily get wind by the user so that he hindquarters communicate easily.It should be designed in such a way that machine should give an output signals when ingredients are empty and allow to refillEase of cautionThe outer model of the coffee machine is shown below2.PNGFigure 3- coffee vending machineThe designing of coffee machine can be classified as,Automatic coin management systemAutomatic dispensing of coffee. reflex(a) COIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMThe automatic coin management system should recognize coin, sorting of coin, change dispensing and the control of the associated human-machine interface. To detect the coin, the coin onerousness and exercising weight has to be considered. Since the machine will accept only 2, 1 and 50 pence the coin has to be detected properly by message of proper detection method.After the detection the coin has to send to their respective bin for storage. If the coin 2 is inserted consequently change 50 pence has to be given automatically. In the display, respective nurse of coin or total apprise of coin is displayed. In the coin management system, the thickness of the coin, weight of the coin and the diameter of the coin are taken in to consideration. The table below will give detailed description of the following coin.Coins onerousness packdiameterImage of coin22.50mm12.0gram28.4mm3.PNG13.15mm9.5gram22.5mm1983_REV.JPG50p1.78mm8.0gram27.3mm50_PENCE_1982.JPG confuse 1- coin properties (British coin properties, 2010)The probabilities of inserting coins in the machine are follows1 + 50p50p+50p+50p2 Return 50p50p+2 Return both the coinsFake or hammer coins Return the coinThe coins are collected in their respective bins. If the bin attains 180 coins the indication has to be make and if the coins in the 50 pence bin have less than 10 coins the indication is made for the operator.The size of 2 collecting bin should be 50 cm (200*2.5mm=500mm) in tip the sensor is placed in bin at 45cm (180*2.5mm=450mm). The size of 1 collecting bin is 63cm (200*3.15mm=630mm) in height the sensor is placed in bin at 56.7cm (180*3.15mm=567mm). The size of 50 pence collecting bin should be 35.6cm (200*1.78mm=356mm) in height this bin has both sensors to indicate maximum and scavengeped number of coins, maximum aim sensor is placed at 32cm (180*1.78mm=320mm) and marginal direct sensor is placed at 1.78cm (10*1.78mm=17.8mm).Consider if the machine has to accept 2 coin actor, first the coin is to be inserted, and then the sensor S1 senses the coin and activates the thickness and weight detector. If the detector detects 2 coin performer the solenoid V1 and V2 are not energised but the solenoid V3 is energised which make the pivotable gate G3 to point towards the 2 bin. Then the solenoid valve in the 50 pence bin energised to return the change. The schematic representation of coin management is shown in figure 4.INSERT COINaaaaase50 pence bin1 pound binaaaaaa S1Thickness detectorWeight detectorG1V1 G2V2 G32 pound bin S2V3S3RETURN COINFigure 4- schematic representation of coin managementAUTOMATIC DISPENSING OF COFFEEThe automatic dispensing of coffee should grind coffee, fill brewing chamber, tamp down coffee grounds, brew coffee, spotting coffee cup, fill coffee cup and crowd out used grounds are to be made automatically. Automatic coffee dispensing process will trigger once the required money of the coffee has been received from the customers. Different procedures have to be followed to prepare different flavours of coffee.Expresso The coffee beans are grinded finely and 7gm of powder is used for dosage to prepare 30ml of expres so. Tamping has to be done at 134N for 2seconds. The hot piss at 92 -96 Celsius at 9-10 Bar pressure and have to be extracted at 25 seconds. slim cup has to be used.Latte Expresso and hot milk at 92 degree Celsius has to be added. Large cup is used.Cappuccino Expresso and milk foam (2/3 of cup) has to be mixed giant cup is used for collecting the cappuccino. bootleg coffee expresso and more amount of irrigate (2/3 of cup) is mixed and commodious cup is used.The cup has to be detected by means of the sensors. The two sensors are used for cup detection. To sense the small cup, the sensor has to be placed at its height. If the expresso is selected and the sensor for the small cup activated means the valve is opened to send the coffee to the cup. To detect large cup, the sensor for the small cup and another sensor placed at the height of large cup has to be activated. If not the user has to be informed in the display PLACE LARGE CUP.EMBODIMENT DESIGNPower translateSince all elect ronic circuits work only with low D.C voltage it needs a power provide unit to countenance the appropriate voltage supply. This unit consists of transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. A.C voltage typically 230V rms is connected to a transformer which step that AC voltage down to the level to the desired AC voltage. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a small capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some eructs or AC voltage variations, regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same DC value even the DC voltage varies somewhat, or the warhead connected to the output DC voltage changes. The power supply unit is a germ of constant DC voltage. The required DC supply is obtained from the available AC supply after rectification, filtration and regulation.TransformerRectifierRegulatorFilter230 V 5vAC DC12V 12V 12VFigure 5- Block diagram of power supply.SENSORSProximity sensorsThese types of sensors are used to determine the presence of nearby targets. They are essentially non contact two state devices which give ON-OFF outputs. The proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic report or place and look for changes in the field. The object being comprehend is often referred to as the proximity sensors target. Different proximity sensors targets demand different sensors.Inductive proximity sensorThis sensor is used for the detection of ferrous surface objects over short distances. Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical principle of inductance. Inductance is the phenomenon where the fluctuating current, which by definition has a magnetic component, induces an electromotive force (emf) in a target object. ( inductive proximity sensor, 2008)An inductive proximity sensor has four components the induction coil, oscillator, detection circuit and output circuit. The oscillator generates a fluctuating magnetic field the shape of a ringing close to the winding of the coil that locates in the devices sensing face. When a metal object moves into the magnetic field of detection, eddy circuits build up in the metallic object. The sensors detection circuit monitors the oscillators strength and triggers an output signal from the output circuitry comparative to the sensed gap between probe and target. (inductive proximity sensor, 2008)This sensor is used as a sensor S1 in the coin detecting mechanism. Its hurtle is about 50mm.Strain sens warhead cellThe dilute cell is an electromechanical transducer that coverts charge up acting on it into an analogue electrical signal. Load cells provide accurate measurement of compressive and tensile loads. Load cells normally function by utilizing an internal strain gauge that measures deflection. Because the modulus of the elasticity of a load cell is constant the amount of strain can be calibrated to d etermine the force upon the train in the load cell which is measured by strain gauge transducer.This strain gauge load cell is used because of its truth and its response time.This strain gauge is used for the detection of weight. By means of calculating the force the crowd together of the object can be identifiedSince, F= m.AWhere,F= force,m= citizenry A= acceleration.Mass of the coin is known, by calculating acceleration value, the force can be found. According to the force value the coin can be detected. This strain gauge works in the range of 0-50k lbs. accuracy in the range of 0.03- 0.05%, ( load cell, 2010). It is inexpensive too. This strain gauge load cell is used because of its accuracy and its response time.Strain gauge is committed to the object or the strained element where the force is being applied. As the object is stressed due to the applied force, the resulting strain deforms the strain gauge abandoned with it. This cause an increase in resistivity of the gauge w hich produces electrical signal comparative to the deformation (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 36-37) .The measurement of resistivity is the measure of strain which in turns gives the measurement of force or load applied to the object. The change of vindication is generally very small and is usually measured use a Wheatstone bridge circuit where the strain gauges are connected to the circuit.Temperature sensorTemperature measurement is needed in coffee machine to hold the temperature of water and milk. Temperature is defined as the average kinetic power of the individual molecules that fabricate the system. As the temperature increases, the molecular activity also increases and thus the average kinematic energy increases. There are different sensors to measure the temperature they areBimetallic stripResistance temperature detectors (RTDs) thermistorsThermocouplesThermodiodes and transistors.Among this in coffee machine the thermistor is going to use. The most ordinarily used temperature sensors are resistance temperature detector (RTD) and thermistor. Both are temperature-sensitive resistors.Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with resistor. Thermistor is a non-linear device their resistance will decrease with an increase in temperature, but at a much faster rate than that of RTDs. The resistance can change by more than 1000 times. As a result, thermistor can sense minute change in temperature that is other undetected by RTDs and thermocouples, (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 43-47).Thermistors are small, inexpensive devices that are most commonly made of metal oxides such as those of chromium, nickel, manganese and cobalt. The metals are oxidise through a chemical reaction, ground to a fine powder, then compressed and subject to very high heat. These oxides are semiconductors. Thermistors can be classified into two types depending on the temperature coefficient of resistance (k). If k is positive, the resistance increases with increase temperature, and the devi ce is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor or posistor. If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. NTC thermistors are mostly used in temperature sensing devices where as the PTC thermistor are mostly used in electrical current control devices.The NTC thermistor is going to use in this coffee machine to sense the heat of water and milk. Thermistors react quickly to temperature changes, and they have a higher resistance, so junction set up are not an issue. Typical accuracies are 1%, but the devices are not linear, have a limited temperature or resistance range and can be self heating. Compared to other sensors, thermistor have a limited measuring range, typically from -80 to 150 degree Celsius. To measure the temperature of water and milk this range is more enough.Advantage of using thermistor heights and fast output.Manufactured in almost any shape and size. rattling high degree of accuracy.Good stability and repeatability.Has the ability to withstand mechanical and electrical stress.Temperature controllerThe PID controller is used to control the temperature in the coffee machine. The purport of using PID controller is it eliminates offset of the proportional mode and provides fast response. The three adjustment parameters here are proportional gain, integral time and derivative time. PID controller is the most manifold of the conventional control mode combination. The PID controller can result in better control than the other controllers. The PID controllers are in general used to control the process parameters like temperature, flow, etc.Level sensorThe measurement of level of the water and milk in the army tank of coffee machine is very essential. There are number of devices to measure the level of the luculents in the tank. There are two methods in measuring the liquid they are direct and indirect method. Here direct meth od is going to use because the level if the liquid in the tank can be measured by means of float method, (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 41-42).The most commonly used design in float type is hollow metal clustering or sphere. Here in that respect is no restriction to the size, shape or material used. The design consists of a ball float attached to a rod, which in turn is connected to the lever arm. A slider is attached in the lever is connected to the potentiometer. By means of this arrangement the level can be measured. The water for the machine is continuous that has to be controlled. The level in the water tank can be controlled automatically.The control system maintains water level in the storage tank. The system performs this task by continuously sensing the level in the tank and adjusting a supply valve to add more or less water to the tank. The desired level has to be set by the operator.The level transducer measures the level within the tank by using the float and potentiometer arran gement. The level transducer sends the signal which is the feedback for the control device. This feedback is compared with the desired level value to produce the required control action that will attitude the level control as needed to maintain the desired level. The level controller used here is PID controller. The check diagram of automatic tank-level control system is shown below.Infra red strike sensorInfrared beam sensors used for detecting the cups. Consists of a vector and a receiver, and the integrated amplifier can produce infrared beam. The LEDs should be properly covered with a reflective material like glass or aluminium foils on the sides to avoid the spreading of the IR beam and to get a sharp focus of the beam. The receiver uses a sharp IR module. When the IR beam from the transmitter falls on the IR module, the output is activated this activates the relay and deactivated when the beam is obstructed. It has highly reliable performance. The operating range of this s ensor is 0-6m. Operating temperature of this sensor is -20 degrees centigrade to 60 degrees centigrade. Aperture angle of infrared beam sensors is +/- 8 degrees. (sensors, 2010)SolenoidsA solenoid is a device which is used to convert an electrical signal in to mechanical motion usually in right away line. The solenoids are used in the coffee machine for various purposes like coin management, sending the coffee bean in to the grinder, to open the 50 pence bin to give change when 2 coin is inserted.The two study parts in the solenoids is coil and movable iron core. The coil used here is to be DC which when energised pulls the core inside it and this result in the mechanical motion of the core. The amount of force by which the core is pulled depends on the amount of current flowing in the circuit and the number of coils. The solenoids are very cheap and its works under 24V DC.D.C MotorThe DC motors are widely used in modern control system and as a final control element in positional or go control system. The D.C motor is used for the purpose of grinding the coffee beans. This motor has to be controlled. This can be done by means of closed loop control. This speed controller is done by means of pulse width modulation controllers. This has the advantage that its drives the bipolar power transistors apace between cut off and saturation where operation is very efficient. (B. Histand Alciatore, 1999) feed back is used in this circuit to modify the motor speed even if the conditions are changed.Hydraulic pumpsThe hydraulic pump is used for the purpose of pumping the water and milk from the tank. The reason for using hydraulic pump is it converts the mechanical energy supplied into hydraulic energy by lifting water or milk to higher levels. Hydraulic energy refers to potential and kinetic energy of a liquid. Hydraulic pumps are the energy-absorbing machines. Since, it requires mechanical power to drive. Lifting of water or milk to higher level is carried out by th e various actions of pumps such as centrifugal action, reciprocating action etc. (hydraulic pump, 2010)Power, P = = =Flow rate, Q=Power, P= pressure * flow rateThe advantage of using hydraulic systems are it is easy to produce and transmit hydraulic power, it is uniform and smooth, balancing hydraulic forces is easier, it is easy to maintain ,weight to power ratio is very less, it is easy to maintain, maximum fluid flow, frictional resistance is less and hydraulic systems are safe and compact.GearsThe cant is used during the tamping process. The process is based on the relative position of the shaft axes and the position of the teeth on the wheel. For this purpose, helical gear is used in this process. Helical gears are simple modification of spur gears. A helical gear has teeth in the form of helix around the gear. The angled teeth engage smoothly than do spur gear teeth. This causes helical gears to run more smoothly and quietly than the spur gears. This type of gear is used in h igh-speed application. Because of high-speed, pressure is produced.Where, pressure = mass * acceleration.The selection of ball and roller bearings for gear is considered upon the following factors, they areThe load carrying capacity and the nature of the loadThe speed of shaft in R.P.MThe evaluate life of bearings.Magnitude and direction of loads.The proportion of thrust to radial load.military personnel machine interface-Human machine interface is an important part to design. As this is an automatic machine and the inputs to the machine are from the user, so in that respect should be an interface between these two. This is accomplished with the help of buttons placed on the front panel. Also the touch sensors located at the back of each button are responsible to transfer the user inputs to the machine. The LED display informs the user regarding the process and intimate any faults in the system.Push buttonsThe pushing button is used for the purpose of selecting the variety of coff ee by the user. There are four push buttons in the machine.LED displayThe dispensing machine should be capable of outputting text signals so that the user will know the process present state through LED display. Since the machine is made to be user friendly all the process happening in the machine as to informed to the user. If the coin is inserted that has to be informed to the user. The microprocessor is used to store all the information that has to be displayed for the ongoing process. If suppose, milk in the empty means through the level sensor the signal is sent to the microprocessor according to that it will send the output to the display as draw TANK EMPTY.MICRO-CONTROLLERIt is the brain of coffee machine. The microcontroller contains a microprocessor, memory, I/O capabilities, and other on-chip resources. It is basically a microcomputer on the single chip. The main purposes of using the micro-controller are low cost, versatility, ease of programming and small size. This mi cro controller is physically embedded in the system to perform the control functions, (Onwubolu, 2005, pp. 205-256) .The cinema micro controller is the most commonly used micro-controller. This has various features like analogue to digital (A/D) and digital to analogue (D/A) converters, timers, digital I/O ports and a serial communication interface. The temperature and flow sensor gives analogue value that will be converted to digital in the micro-controller. So there is no need for external analogue to digital (A/D) converter in this process.CommunicationCommunication betwee