The Overpopulation Problem in India - 509 Words

One of the world’s greatest problems is overpopulation, this has been going on in tons of countries including India, the worst of them all. It has been happening in India for many years and if it continues to go up at this rate it will become a very bad situation for everyone living there and will become a world problem. It is one of the biggest problems that needs to be stopped for the sake of so many lives. Many attempts have been tried, but none of them successful enough. There is also a lot of history behind overpopulation. For one, it has been going on for tons of years, every year the population increases 1.28% and in the last 15 years there has not been lower then a .5% increase. Also India remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with one of the lowest capita per person rate in the world and low money means that these families can not support all of their kids. Lastly, on the world population scale, India is now 17% of the world population and the second most populated country in the world with over 1.8 billion people. India has grown from one of the smaller countries to become a massive force that grows so much every year it can not be controlled. In current India, there are many cases such as people are being paid to not have kids. This would work and it is a motivation for families to not have as many kids but the problem is that the government doesn’t have enough money to keep this up and so they can’t promise people money unless they raise taxesShow MoreRelatedChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 PagesEmre Can AydÄ ±n Writing Assignment 104A 03/15/2015 China and India: Driving Forces of Overpopulation According to BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. ActuallyRead MoreOverpopulation and Over- Consumption in India Essay733 Words   |  3 Pagespopulation of India is at a formidable amount of 1.27 billion and estimated to have 1.6 billion people by 2050. What will happen if countries like India keep growing? This issue is known as overpopulation. Overpopulation has become a very prevalent topic in the last ten years and if not controlled, it could affect all countries on earth. Although overpopulation appears to be an insuppressible issue, there are some different ideas and methods that have been used to help this problem. There are aRead MoreHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal800 Words   |  4 PagesHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal persons day, but being in a room full of seventy people is an example of overpopulation affecting education. Overpopulation in education affects the people and children very much. It affects the kids by the way they are being taught and the distractions around them. The overcrowding in classrooms cause many children to feel more negative. They feel more negative because most kids in a crowded roomRead MoreCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century1214 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century Introduction During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during the second half ofRead MoreA Great Matter Of Concern Today Or Just A Bust?1667 Words   |  7 PagesCOMM1016-41 Professor Mark Dorsey Wednesday, October 29, 2014 â€Æ' A Great Matter of Concern Today or Just a Bust? While India is on the verge of being the most populated country. While the third world countries are deprived of their resources rapidly. People in the United States have to say that the problem of over population has been curbed and infant production rate controlled. Recently, one of the commentators in prominent U.S. publication declared that theRead MoreOverpopulation and Environmental Problems1008 Words   |  5 PagesOverpopulation is becoming a leading environmental problem in which resources are becoming depleted faster than are being created. Hoevel explains, â€Å"Overpopulation occurs when a population’s density exceeds the capacity of the environment to supply the health requirements of an individual† (Hoevel 1). This means that after a population has overused the resources in an area, the environment will no longer be able to support them, and there lies the problem with overpopulation. Wenner explains, â€Å"SustainabilityRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Envir onmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study intoRead MoreThe Biggest Crisis We Face Today : Human Overpopulation1218 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis We Face Today: Human Overpopulation There are many causes for overpopulation than just increasing numbers of people. Modern technology, improved medicine, more opportunities to get out of poverty, low fatality rates, immigration, and the lack of family planning (Rinkesh); all lead to overpopulation. Earth is home to 7.2 billion people. A research of 2015 (infoplease) shows that most of the world s population lies with the two largest countries in Asia: China and India. As of the last study ofRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 PagesHuman population is drastically increasing by the second, with the addition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air qualityRead MoreEssay On Overpopulation1030 Words   |  5 PagesHuman overpopulation occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place occupied by that group. Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources or given the degradation of the of the environment to give support to the population. Overpopulation is a problem that needs to be solved. Concern about overpopulation

Project Management Plan For Quality Management - 2724 Words

The process called quality management is created to ensure that all project activities that are necessary to be designed, to plan and finally to implement in a project, become an effective and efficient way to archive the purpose, objectivity and its performance. In a continuous process that usually begins and end with the project. It is more about preventing and avoiding than measuring and fixing poor quality outputs. It is part of every project management processes from the moment the project initiates to the final steps in the project closure phase1. Project Management Plans 1.1 Project Quality Management Plan The process called quality management is created to ensure that all project activities that are necessary to be designed, to plan and finally to implement in a project, become an effective and efficient way to archive the purpose, objectivity and its performance. In a continuous process that usually begins and end with the project. It is more about preventing and avoiding than measuring and fixing poor quality outputs. It is part of every project management processes from the moment the project initiates to the final steps in the project closure phase. Our company Mobile Technology considers that quality is one of the most important aspects during the course of any project; therefore a person (the project manager) has been appointed to oversee all the quality process using as a guide the PMBOK. The most important decisions regarding the quality of a completedShow MoreRelatedProject Quality Management Plan For Delta Blue Airlines1411 Words   |  6 Pages(SEU) for Delta Blue Airlines PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN Version 1.0 08/16/2015 VERSION HISTORY Version # Implemented By Revision Date Approved By Approval Date Reason 1.0 Chris Shaw 07/16/2015 Derek Collins 08/16/2015 Initial Release as per customer request for SEU project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Single Event Upset (SEU) for Delta Blue Airlines 1 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Purpose of The Project Quality Management Plan 4 2 PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW 5 2.1 Organization,Read MoreProject Management Processes On A Development Project Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES Project management is a process of leading a team of capable people in planning and implementing a series of related activities that need to be accomplished on a specific date with a limited budget. Because of its nature, coordinating all these activities requires a process approach. For many times development project take on unexplored territory, assumptions about the project must be listed, evaluated, its risks assessed and contingency plans developed. It also requiresRead MoreProblem And Purpose Of A Project1653 Words   |  7 Pagesspends billions of dollars for the success of the projects, but money alone is not the factor for the projects to be successful. From conceptualization to planning and budgeting, execution and control they take so much care for completion of projects. But, still even though how big and successful the company is they still have some projects which will fail from time to time. There are various reasons why projects fail like due to management issues, Quality issues, insufficient resources, Estimation ofRead MoreProject Charter Example1602 Words   |  7 PagesProject Charter Example Project Name: LMT/PEL LIMS Deployment Project Prepared by John Doe and Mary Smith Date: 8/22/06 |Initiation: | | | |LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LIMS) DEPLOYMENT | | |February 6, 2006 (SupersedesRead MoreSample Resume : Quality Management1532 Words   |  7 PagesReport Perform Quality Assurance Anuja Shetty R11178068 11/18/2014 ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction According to PMBOK, â€Å"Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs†. The sponsor and recipient are the ones that define the stated quality needs for defining the project requirements. The main aim of quality management is meeting or exceeding stakeholder’s expectations and conforming to the project design and itsRead MoreImplementation Of A Project Plan1615 Words   |  7 PagesOnce a project has been approved, the next step in the project process is to develop a plan. A project plan provides a strategy in which an endeavor will progress and outlines the complete events essential to complete a project. The process also presents an outline for monitoring functions and milestones to track progress. A high level project plan must be developed in order to effectively outline the necessary activities, monitoring, and strategy in order for a project to be successful EfficiencyRead MoreProject Management Principles Of A Project Manager Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Construction projects have always been a very important part of human civilisation. For handling a construction project there need men, money, machinery, material and management. The project would be successful when the project manager has these five variables under control. The key to project success is to pick the right project manager. A right project manager is the person who manages the triple constraints (cost, quality and time), scope and safety for the project to be planned in a correctRead MoreProject Management : Management Process770 Words   |  4 PagesProject management is a procedure to arranging and directing project methodologies from beginning to end. Project managers should be able to meet scope, time, expense, and quality objectives of activities, also they ought to encourage the whole methodology to address the needs and desires of individuals included in the project. It is a job to manage project’s goals, timeline and budget clearly. Project management p rocess have these key components. †¢ Integration Management †¢ Scope Management †¢ TimeRead MoreTaking A Step Back To Juran’S Steps Once The Concept Of1215 Words   |  5 Pagessponsors there must be a determination of how to implement the quality management plan. Once the plan is accepted there must be steps taken to facilitate this plan to staff who will be responsible for the execution of the tasks and activities that will uphold the plan. Once the implementation has taken place and the quality management plan is actively in place for the organization there will be a need to mature the level of quality within the organization. Once implemented the organization willRead MoreINTRODUCTION: This project control artifact helps to understand the high level communication800 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: This project control artifact helps to understand the high level communication management plan, high level quality management plan, high level risk management plan and high level change management plan of the† Project Smile†. This part of the project defines the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes. There is two main purpose of this artifact for the project smile which is listed below:

Corporate Social Responsibility Disentangling Substance

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility for Disentangling Substance. Answer: Introduction: CSR is not visible in most of the cases, as the benefit from it towards the society is doubtful and invisible in most of the cases. Studies in the past proved that more than 80% of the decision-makers for corporate CSR had positive attitude about implementing a good CSR and providing branding and benefits to their employees. The reason behind this is most of the companies want to progress through connecting themselves with a reason to utilize cheap advertising sources or to face the pressures of claims. CSR alters attention from the original issues and help the corporations to gain legitimacy, avoid regulation and to enter the markets and change the ground from public functions to privatisation (Boehm, Brei and Dabhi 2015). Although some people see CSR as patronage by various name, it can be broadly explained as the attempt organizations make beyond and above the regulation to meet the requirements of shareholders to earn profit. Rather than running away from the situation, organizations started brandishing CSR as friendly approach of capitalism through the movement of highlighting the issue of corporate power. The unpredicted growth of CSR can results into optimistic power of the market to provide with environmental and social changes. However, the market consistently fails when it comes to supplying goods to public. Thus, it is necessary to implement CSR subject to the restriction of the market (Coombs and Holladay 2015). Making markets work: After the launch, CSR initiatives aggravate alterations in basic traditions within some organizations. It helps in facing lawsuit problem, solving problems relating to labour standard, management issues with the shareholders and profit related issues. However, no one is sure about the changes those are required to be added up with the implementation of CSR to get better performance (Elving et al. 2015). Market failure: The major problem with the CSR concept is that it makes the situation more complex rather than simplifying it and not succeeds in acknowledging the offsets between the ethical outcomes and financial health of the company. However, if they are able to do the adjustments the organization will definitely be able to earn profits. Strategies of CSR performs under various conditions but they are always susceptible to the risk of market failures including externalities, imperfect data and free riders (Marques and Mintzberg 2015). Through using CSR market can offer both long term and short term social benefits and financial returns: One major statement behind the implementation of CSR is that social objectives and business outcomes can be less or more supportive and they did not explained the reason for this purpose. Users are influenced to maximise their interest and are interested in factors as stable societies, wealth and healthy atmosphere. There is very little evidence about the expected behaviour of the market. In reality, it is be not easy to establish that assuring an educated labour force for the future, motivation like preserving natural assets, or making intended assistance to local community really help companies to improve their base line. While there are history of success stories where drivers for business can be associated with social objectives, for example, which are contributed to developing a labour force for the future, they only offer a messy approach to improve the public good (Olsen, Sl otegraaf and Chandukala 2014). No matter placed in any situation, such investments are particularly improbable to give return in the time horizon of two- to four-year window that public companies are generally required through the demands of the stock market. Whenever a company releases a profits warning, the markets decrease their share price. On the other hand, investments in social causes or environment or become an extravagance for the company and are often placed for sacrificing the contribution when they going through rough situation. In the meantime, it has been noticed that failure in any objective of companies to contribute in projects that may earn long-term profit, like safety systems and health benefits (Roulet and Touboul 2015). CSR can barely be expected to supply when the short-term requirements of the stock market offer disincentives for doing so. When interest of shareholders controls the corporate workings, results may become even less associated to the benefits of public. The ethical consumer drives will change: Although the ethical business are rewarded in few markets but for many consumers ethics is a relative thing and not the primary fact. In reality, most of the reviews reveals that consumers are more anxious about the factors like taste, price, or sell-by date than ethics. In the United Kingdom, data for ethical consumerism reveal that although most of the customers are worried about social or environmental issues, with 83% of customers are intended to act ethically on a standard basis, only 18% of customers occasionally act ethically, while less than 5% of consumers show reliable ethical and green purchasing behaviours. In the United States, environmental attitudes of consumer and intensity to buy environmentally oriented goods, and it segregates consumers into five shades of green: Sprouts, True-Blue Greens, Greenback Greens, Grousers, and Basic Browns. True-Blue Greens are known as the greenest customers, those most expected to walk through t heir environmental talk, and present about 9% of the population. The least environmentally concerned are the Basic Browns, who consider individual actions such as recycling or buying green products cant make a difference and about 33 percent of the population are involved under this (Schneper et al. 2015). There will be a competitive race to the top over ethics amongst businesses: A further legend of CSR is that aggressive pressure between various companies will actually direct more companies competing on ethics, as pointed out by an growing number of awards systems for good organizations, like the Business Ethics Awards, or Fortunes annual Best Companies to Work For competitions. Companies are always eager to be associated with CSR schemes because they offer good relations with public. However, in some instances, organizations are able to exploit on well-intentioned efforts. The U.S.-based Corporate Watch has noticed various instances of green washing by companies, and has reported how various organizations utilize the United Nations to the advantages related to public relations (Lewis 2016). From the above discussions, it is concluded that some strategies of imposing regulatory objectives have altered consumer behaviour than the efforts of CSR. For example, social labelling has been an exceptionally efficient tool for changing behaviour of consumer. Campaigners and legal scholars have started to look at the ethical structure of the corporation. At present, in Western legal systems, companies have a primary responsibility to their stakeholders, and social actions from the companys part are not prohibited and the profit-maximizing objectives of the organization are the norm. Therefore, companies efficiently choose financial benefit over social benefits. Only few social enterprises, like Fair Trade companies, have used a different path and they are far away from ruling the market. Yet lessons can be learned from their successes and should be adopted to put forward a new institutional model for larger shareholder-owned companies. Therefore, the contention of various authors that CSR is little more than green washing is not true as there are always some chance of failure to achieve the targets of implementation of CSR and no organization can assess the risks to the extent of 100% References: Boehm, S., Brei, V. and Dabhi, S., 2015. EDF Energy's green CSR claims examined: the follies of global carbon commodity chains.Global Networks,15(s1), pp.S87-S107. Coombs, T. and Holladay, S., 2015. CSR as crisis risk: expanding how we conceptualize the relationship.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,20(2), pp.144-162. Elving, W.J., Golob, U., Podnar, K., Ellerup-Nielsen, A. and Thomson, C., 2015. The bad, the ugly and the good: new challenges for CSR communication.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,20(2), pp.118-127. Lewis, J.K., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility/Sustainability Reporting Among the Fortune Global 250: Greenwashing or Green Supply Chain?. InEntrepreneurship, Business and Economics-Vol. 1(pp. 347-362). Springer International Publishing. Marques, J.C. and Mintzberg, H., 2015. Why Corporate Social Responsibility Isn't a Piece of Cake.MIT Sloan Management Review,56(4), p.8. Olsen, M.C., Slotegraaf, R.J. and Chandukala, S.R., 2014. Green claims and message frames: how green new products change brand attitude.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.119-137. Roulet, T.J. and Touboul, S., 2015. The intentions with which the road is paved: Attitudes to liberalism as determinants of greenwashing.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.305-320. Schneper, W.D., Meyskens, M., Soleimani, A., Celo, S., He, W. and Leartsurawat, W., 2015. Organizational drivers of corporate social responsibility: disentangling substance from rhetoric.SAM Advanced Management Journal,80(1), p.20.

The effect of privatization and commercialization on the nigerian economy (1970-2010) free essay sample

The importance of establishing public enterprises or corporation began during the 19th century with the British telecom in 1884 under the telecommunication act and gained a worldwide support in Britain thereafter. Several nations particularly those in Africa, have come to embrace the principle as a way of eliminating low performance and inefficiency in the public enterprise sector. Following the trend the Nigerian economy has come to embrace privatization as a cardinal principle of the state’s economic policy. Over the years, the Nigerian government has encouraged the development of the public sector, since independence in 1960 and particularly 1970s but has being commonly non successive because of government attitude towards public enterprises business management. In Nigeria, most government owned industries and establishments remain citadels of corruption, studies in inefficiently and consequently a heavy drain on the economy. As a means of combating this menace, the (IMF) and 8 (World Bank) have advocated the twin policies of privatization and commercialization incidentally Nigeria has fully adopted this policy and is embarking on it with frenzy. We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of privatization and commercialization on the nigerian economy (1970-2010) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, Nigerian breweries changed from the most inefficient and loss-making company before privatization to one of the most profitable business in Nigeria. Nigeria has more than 1,800 public enterprises at federal and state levels which can be categorised as follows;- i. Public utility providing infrastructural services. ii. Strategic industries such as petroleum and petrochemical, fertilizer plants, iron steel. iii. Economic /commercial enterprises such as manufacturing of consumer goods insurance ,banks and hotel ,and iv. Departmental / stationary boards designed to serve specific socials or development roles as university and research institutes. Ake (1981). It is important to note that the introduction of SAP in 1986 serves as a bench mark in economic policy-making in Nigeria with the resultant, liberalization, deregulation, privatization and commercialization measures. The critical question here remains how many of these policies have been able to restructure the political economy of Nigeria and in turn alleviating the yearnings and aspiration of the working class. 9 The world no doubt is moving towards capitalism and liberalization and any nation that is not moving towards this direction is seen as either not developing or even retrogressing. A capitalist economy is a free market economy which allows most economic decisions to be guided by the twin forces of demand and supply. Since capitalism discourages monopoly but encourages competitive market, it therefore enhances efficiency and high productivity which is very vital in any developing economy. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. In a developing country like Nigeria, privatization and commercialization of public enterprises is considered by many as a vital tool for the growth and development of the economy. In Nigeria some of the problems facing privatization and commercialization program include; a)lack of accountability b)corruption c)lack of transparency d)inconsistency it is important to note that the major function that informed the establishment of these public enterprises are to control the resources and raise funds for the 10 provision of certain infrastructural facilities particularly in services requiring heavy financial investment e. g. railway, electricity, telecommunication etc, also to perform the function of generating revenue that will add to financial development program and projects as veritable instrument for the creation of jobs; and ultimately facilitate economic growth and development. However it is based on the problems, that the basic propositions of this privatization and commercialization program are being hindered. In trying to look into these discrepancies and proffer a way forward towards a state of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria, that enhances economic growth and development, this research work emanated. 1. 3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY. This study has the main objective of ascertaining the effect of privatization and commercialization of enterprises on the Nigerian economy. Specifically we intend to compare the pre and post privatization and commercialization era, so as to determine the specific effect. 11 1. 4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS. The hypothesis tested in this study is stated in its null form as follows: Ho: privatization and commercialization has no significant effect on the GDP in Nigeria. 1. 5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research work will help the government and readers to understand those benefits that privatization and commercialization program embodies which we have neglected and politicized within the past. In understanding this on the side of the government, it will allow them to rethink and work towards real implementation of it and thereby creating a room for the rapid growth and development of this country. At the other hand, it will go a long way to create an avenue for more academic research. The importance of any research is to finding out solutions that faces mankind and the environment or society. The study creates awareness to every citizen of this country and economic planners on the implication of these privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria economic development. 12 1. 6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this research work focused strictly on the effect of privatization and commercialization programmes on the Nigerian economy 1970 to 2010. 1. 7DEFINATION OF TERMS PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION; Privatization can be defined as the transfer of ownership and control of enterprises from the state to the private sector. IKEME,(1997) define privatization as any of the variety of measures adopted by the government to expose a public enterprises competition or to bring in private ownership , management or control in to public enterprises and accordingly to reduces the weight of public ownership or control or management. The privatization and commercialization net of 1988 and Bureau of public enterprises defined privatization as the relinquishment of part or all of the equity and other interest had by the federal government or any of its agencies whether wholly owned by the federal government. Although privatization is not defined in the public enterprises (privatization and commercialization) Net of 1999, we can assume that it deemed to have the 13 same meaning. From the definition three things are clear first for privatization to take place, there must be the existence of public enterprises which need to be converted into private enterprises; secondly there is the reasoning that private ownership control would be better that public o ownership. Finally privatization is premised that there is problem with the public ownership of enterprises and privatization is part and parcel of the reform a gender to turn around. They are enterprises so they can deliver goods and services efficiently and effectively. As we shall show later, this is reasoning ideologically loaded and cannot be substantiated by the existential reality of Nigeria. PUBLIC CORPORATIONS; public corporation or enterprises as defined by Ademolekun (1983), are organization that engage as a result of government activity in the capacity of an entrepreneur. These can be seen as those enterprises or corporation built, owned and managed by the government. They are being financed by public funds especially through taxation and also operate on monopoly. 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In understanding the concept of theory as a set of interrelated phenomena or variable, Ogban-Iyam (1999) sees it as a concept that is used to explain, describe, interpret and predict this phenomena’s or variables. Here structural functional theory is used as settable frame work of analysis for the policy of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria. Structural federalism as a theoretical framework is indented to explain the basis for maintaining order and stability in the society and relevant arrangement with the society. This theory originated in the biological and medical science. It was adopted as a mode of analysis in economics and sociology as evidenced in the work of Emile Durkihim and Talcott parson. It was developed for political analysis by Gaberial Almondi S. P Verma who stressed that structural federalism is made up of two main concepts such as structural and functions. Structure refers to the arrangement within the system which perform the functions. Also structure is the way in which the part is connected together in order to be arranged or 15 organised. Functions have been defined by Menton Robert as those observed consequences which make for the adoption or adjustment of a given system. According to Ovan Young, function is defined as objective consequences of a pattern of action for the system in which it occurs. The basic assumption of the structural functional framework is that all system has structures which can be identified and this structure performs functions within the system necessary for its persistence. It refers to the structures that are found in any system and functions performed by structures. Thus political system is defined as the various structure and institution in the society that perform political functions or that bear on the political decision making policy. Eme Awa (1976) clearly defined political system as â€Å"the peculiar structures in any particular system performing political functions†. In analysis there are three branches or structures of government such as the legislative, executives and the judiciary. The structure can be analysed from three main levels as person, institution and subsystems. The whole of the structure is analyzed in parts each dealing with a particular sphere of activities for instance, political economic and social subsystem. There for structure of the government leads to substructure. It is government and their bureaucracy makes rules, administrating, adjudicating and formulating and formulated those economic policies through legislatures and implemented those policies by the executive for the economic growth of the country. A substructure is the basis of 16 analysis of this research work. It studies the economic laws or policies governing the production and distribution of material benefits on human society at the various stages of its development. It is by the means of productive activities that he is able to obtain the economic means that he needs to sustain life. Functions have their parallel in three branches of government performing important functions. If the economic structure such as industries, Nigeria Telecommunication limited, power holding company etc. which are established by the government are well organized and harmonized also their various function are performed smoothly there must be well stable economic development in the public enterprises. This theory can achieve purpose of privatization and commercialization if the government makes use of it and apply it to the various structures of the government or substructure to perform effective functions for smooth running of government activities to enhance economic growth of Nigeria. Take for instance, the Telecommunication which was privatized brought about positive changes in telecommunication sector and contributed to the economic growth of the country. In application all political systems are therefore proffer two basic functions such as input and output function privatization and commercialization of Tele communication of public enterprises (input) are demand from 17 government. The legislature and other organs of the government help to process some of the demand that have reached the system in which certain functions should be performed and giving out or allocate values by the means of the† output† law or policy. Structural – functionalism according to Marxist concept of substructure, superstructure is wholly determined by the substructure. The augment perhaps appears to be that the economic sphere is omnipotent and that the individual consciousness is prisoners of material forces. Also functions must be related to structure of the society. All other activities in the economic revolve around economics; both social and political activities are based on economic activities. 2. 2REASONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES. Several reasons have been induced as the justification for creating public enterprises. Following are some important ones. 1. Political consideration that influence government involvement in the provision of certain social and economic services. In many African countries, development is closely related with the provision of social services; consequently, the performance of the government, in many of 18 these countries is evaluated on the basis of its ability to provide different types of public services in area were such services do not exist. 2. The second is the context of developing nations such as Nigeria, is the developing emphasis. In many developing countries, the resources available to the private sector are not adequate for the provision of certain goods and services. For example the investment required in the construction of hydroelectricity – generating plant or a water scheme for large urban centre is quite enormous and the return in such investment will take a very long time to realize. 3. The third reason for government involvement in the provision and management of goods and services in many part of the world is the fact that no person should be permanently deprived of access to such facilities because of lack of finance or by reason of geographical location. 4. A fourth reason relates to the need to protect the consumer, which may not be interest to the private sector. For example, government intervenes in the provision of education in many countries to protect the children who are not capable of making important decision for their selves, by making education up to certain age compulsory and free. 5. Another reason for government intervention in the provision of certain goods and services relates to the indivisibility that characterise such 19 services. Some facilities such as bridge, tunnel, roads, streetlight and waste disposal facilities cannot be divided or partially provided for the benefit of everybody in the community or they are not, facilities of this type must therefore be provided publicly and finance through taxation. 6. The consciousness of the national security is another reason why government embark on public enterprises establishment. Certain facility like the Nigerian port authority and the police are too vital to be left at the mercy of the private citizens. 2. 3RATIONAL FOR PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN NIGERIA In Nigeria, the issue of mismanagement and under- utilization which led to huge wastage of resources and manpower potentials gave the government of the day no other option but to pursue quickly the privatization and commercialization programme. There are about 600 public enterprises in Nigeria run by or controlled by the federal government. Many are controlled by the state government these comp arises takes a sizeable portion of the federal budget and account for over 5000 appointments into their management and board- a powerful source of political patronage. Transfers into these enterprises run into billion of naira. These transfers were in form of subsidized foreign 20 exchange import duty, waivers, tax exemptions and /or write off of arrears, unrequited revenues, loans and guaranties and grants / subvention. These companies were also interested with many problems which became an unavoidable drag on the economy such as;- 1. Abuse of monopoly power 2. Detective capital structure 3. Heavy dependency on treasury funding 4. Rigid bureaucratic structures and bottle neck. 5. Mismanagement 6. Corruption and nepotism. With all this problems following the economic recession of 1980s the government had no option but to take a positive step. Apparently, the economy can no longer sustain the level of the wastage associated with public enterprises. Also as a step to get out of this malaise. A solution has to be found on how to reduce wastes. Privatization and commercialization are one of such solution. 21 2. 4PRIVATIZATIONANDCOMMERCIALIZATION PROGRAMME IN NIGERIA Privatization in Nigeria was formally introduced by the privatization and commercialization decree of 1988 as part of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) of the Ibrahim Badamosi Babagida administration (1985-93). As Mc Grew argued that SAP is a neo- liberal development strategy devised by international financial institutions to incorporate national economics into the global market. The vision of â€Å"global market civilization† has been reinforced by the policies of the major institutions of the global economic government namely up to the mid 1990s. Underlying their structural adjustment programme has been a new –liberal development strategy referred to as the washing on consensus which prioritizes the opening up of national economy to global market forces and the requirement for limited government intervention in the management of the economy. Subsidies, reduction in wage bills and the retrenchment of the public sector ostensible to trim the state down to size. 22 2. 5TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON PRIVATISATION AND COMMERCIALIZATON ACT OF (1988) (TCPC) The privatization and commercialization Decree of 1988 set up technical committee on privatization and commercialization (TCPC) under the chairman of Dr. Harunna Zayyad to privatize 111 public enterprises and commercialized 34 others in 1993; the TCPC concluded its assignment and submitted final results having privatized 88 out of the 111 enterprises listed in the decree. Based on the recommendation of the TCPC, the federal military government promulgated the bureau for public enterprises Act of 1993, which repealed the 1988 Act and set up the Bureau for public enterprises (BPC) to implement the privatization programme in Nigeria. The overall objectives of the privatization exercise were; 1. To improve on the operational efficiency and reliability of our public enterprises. 2. To minimize their dependency on national treasury for the funding of their operations 3. To roll back the frontier of state capitalist and emphasize on private sector initiatives as the engine of growth. 4. To encourage share ownership by Nigerian citizens in production investments either to be owned wholly or partially by the Nigerian government and, in the process to broaden and deepen the Nigerian market. 23 2. 6 BUREAU FOR PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ACT OF 1993. The TCPC transformed to Bureau for Public Enterprises (BPE). The bureau was to monitor the performance of enterprises privatised in the past exercise and plan for the future phases. Because of the success of the past exercise, the military government under Gengeral Abdusalam Abubakar promulgated the public enterprises (privatization and commercialization) Decree No. 28 in early 1999 (before the hand- over to a democratically elected government). The Decree allows BPE to alter, add, delete or amend the provision in the document in the best interest of the country. Initially, sixty-one (61) enterprises were slated for privatization (36 partial and 25 extra enterprises) (some of which were originally made for commercialization) some of the big government companies being privatized now includes; National Insurance corporation of Nigeria (NICON), Nigeria reinsurance corporation, Niger dock plc, National Aviation Handling company (NAHCO), the Nigeria Railway Corporation (NRC), Nigerian Postal service (NIPOS) and Savannah sugar company. This is an indication of the enhanced interest in and success that privatization has achieved in Nigeria. 24 2. 7PUBLICENTERPRISESPRIVATIZATIONAND COMMERCIALIZATION ACT 1999. In December 1999, the democratically elected government of President Olusegun Obasanjo picked interest in the privatization exercise and gave it a boosts by establishing the National council on privatization (NCP) with the vice president, Alhaji Atiku Abubakar, as chairman. The council is empowered among other things;- i. To determined the political, economic and social objective of the privatization commercialization programme. ii. Approve guidelines and criteria for valuation of public enterprises marked out for privatization – including choice of strategic investors. iii. Identification of enterprises to be privatized or commercialized. iv. Approve the price for shares or assets of the public enterprises to be offered for sale. v. Determining the timing of privatization of particular enterprises. vi. Interfacing with the public enterprises, together with the supervising ministries. In order to ensure effective monitoring and safeguard of the management autonomy of the public enterprises. 25 2. 8 POLITICS OF PRIVATIZATION IN NIGERIA Former Nigeria presidents from Ibrahim Badamosi Babagida (IBB) to Goodluck Jonathan passed the ownership and control of Nigerian state owned to their friends, family and relations and themselves in the name of privatization. For example, some of the celebrated Nigerians privatized public assets during Obasanjo regime (1999-2007) include Ajaokuta steel mill, Oshogbo machine tools and Takpe iron Ore Company. Others include Nigeria Airways, Nigeria Telecommunication Company (NITEL) and its mobile phone subsidiary Company –MTEL, Nicon Hilton Hotel (Transcorp Hilton Hotel ) , African Petroleum limited (AP), National oil and petro chemical company, National fertilizer company (NAFCON), cement Companies, oil blocks and banks, just to mention but few. The way and manner in which these assets changed hands and the selection of who owns what and at what price are still generating many unanswered questions and concerns in Nigeria. Their concerns and question were some of the challenges former president Yar’Adua confronted. Some of the reason why the Nigerian public is not happy with the Obasanjo’s privatization policy and programme are largely that they were done in bad faith and were out of tune with the principle of transparency, 26 accountability and due process. Moreover, they widened the existing gap between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have –nots†. In addition, the much taunted expected improvements of service and product delivery did not happen. The scheme created a lasting sense of injustice, parochialism and nepotism in the policy. Furthermore, it discredited the anti corruption stance of the administration. The political economy implications of the affair are many. For example the scheme created a new crop of oligarchs in the mould of Transcorp and other similar outfits with concentrated economic and political powers in their hands. These concentrated and economic powers are dangerous to the sustainability of democracy institutions, rule of law and good governance in Nigeria. Privatisation also served as a money laundering instrument to a great extent in order to legalize illegally accumulated wealth, such as income from international drug trafficking. 2. 9 PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION EXERCISES (1999-2010) The bureau of public enterprises recorded only one deal worth $32. 5m (about N4. 27m) within the few years that the former president Yar’Adua stayed in the saddle (Enerst 2009). These contrasts sharply with the speed of privatization under former president, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo when many enterprises that had been poorly managed were sold to private sectors 27 operators. In 2006, for insistence, the privatization agency handle 39 transaction that fetched 134. 74bn while in 2005, it handled 45 deals that fetched N98. 08bn. In 2004, the agency succeeded in selling seven companies that brought in N50. 11bn. In 2000 the year Obasanjo marked his first year in the office. BPE handled six (6) major transactions that rated in N14. 65bn in to the treasury and got rid of ailing organization that continued to drain federal government purse. It followed this up with 11 transactions in 2001 that brought N12. 14bn into the government. The single deal that had recorded under the Yar’Adua presidency is the sale of the Nigeria News print manufacturing company Oku/Bokun Akwa- ibom state, which was sold to Nigerian holdings for $32. 5m on August 12, 2008. The administration of the late president Yar’ Adua have related the sales of Nigerian Telecommunication limited (NITEL) to TRANSCORP by the federal government over non-adherence of due process of privatization of companies by the Bureau of public enterprises (BPE) from 1999 to date. The deputy chairman of the house committee on privatization and commercialization, Rep. Abbas Braimoh (PDP Edo), confirmed the effort launch a comprehensive investigation into privatization of federal government owned companies by the former president Olusegun Obasanjo in Abuja said, we have just done a nationwide tour of all the privatized companies in different geo- political zone 28 and I can tell you without doubt that most of the companies you visited are not doing well (Elombah 2009). Believingly, former president Umar Musa Yar’Adua had reversed number of policies actions like the privatization of refineries projects and appointments undertaken at the last hour by the OBJ administration among others. As Barr. Rafindadi noted. 2. 10 EMPERICAL LITERATURE REVIEW For a business to be successful it should be carried on a proper form years back, there have been a lot of federal and state government parastatals and enterprises established for the purpose of revenue generation, but unfortunately thing were not moving to that direction for example the corporation of being operated at loss simply because they were government subversion from time to time. Introducing in the current era of capitalist harmony, the term globalization has become synonymous with global dominance of private market economy through concept of internationalism have long been associated with the political of impossibility of progressive version of globalization are currently overshadowed by the deepening of private market policies in existing capitalist economy and the expansion of socialist countries and to developing countries throughout the world. 29 The phenomenon has effected all societal institutions through government implementation of privatization policies and deregulation, through the power of global financial institution such as the World Bank and the international monetary fund (IMF) to impose loan conditions that requires government to adopt policies that promotes private market, and through multilateral trade agreement that favour transnational corporations (TNCS). In their pursuit of increased capital mobility and market expression this article addresses the impact of privatization and commercialization on the Nigeria economy. Both the public and the private Non-profit enterprises have been affected by public policies. As discussed earlier on, the programme is part of the requirement of structural Adjustment programme (SAP) and a process where the federal government designed by wants to disengage itself from a lot of the economy than to divulge in an economy that is highly controlled. From the insurance news volume 2, no 4 of 1989(an insurance, banking and business magazine) a topic titled why the need for privatization and commercialization was published whereby the responds of some insurance executives was highlighted. In responds to this question, C . Onyeka in insurance news volume 2 No 4 of 1988, an executive director with the Nigerian reinsurance corporation, one the corporation fully commercialized fully explained that government intervention 30 have its attendant problems and its bureaucratic aspect. Apart from the economy, there should be an avenue for federal government which can be channelled to other sources. It is possible that when the companies are sold to private entrepreneurs, they will likely turn the country around from loss making wanting the taxpayer money because they receiving subvention from the government out of the precede from organization which another man have been generating income and paying taxes for in these we see the need for privatization and commercialization. O. Omirin 1979 federal might vol. no. 7, the general manager/Director executives of Safeway insurance company limited added that as these organisation were either being privatized and commercialized, there would be changes for good it will give room for better management and thus enable them to justify their existences. It is believed that new owners (the shareholders) will show more interest in running of the companies for the sake of profitability and efficiency. In agreement with Mr. Onyeka’s view, Mr. Omirin said they government moves tied up in this corporation could be realized also for other economic boasting project. I believe that on a final analysis, the revenue to the government from this programme will result into billion of naira. In addition, Mr. Lawrence Nosike in his own contribution published by business time on September 22nd 1986 titled ’case for land against privatization, which way 31 Nigeria? He commented that and quote â€Å"the economic case for privatization are vast on the belief that organization are better able to pursue commercial profit seeking objectives if they are freed from direct political control, it also suggest that the return to private ownership and the financial supervision of bankers will not automatically change managerial and trade union attitudes. He continued further that some top managers can be replaced, but this cannot start a managerial resolution to quickly without upsetting efficiency. † in many nationalised industries, the problem arises from special condition within the industries e. g. because of the obligation to maintain unprofitable action or because of the special demand problems. He concludes it by saying that a change of ownership does not make the problem any easier to solve. On the aspect of the reason for inefficiency and unprofitability, M. O Aina Dada, 1984, an accuracy and satiation who also is the managing director of crusader insurance company Ltd said it has being generally agreed that state owned business enterprises tendered to wasteful and inefficient. Some the decision taken for their operations seems to be based on political experience rather than economics. For example it was revealed some time ago that by the end of 1985, the federal government of Nigeria has invested over 10 billion naira in projects and it was general an average of about #400 million per annual, by calculating this fall in the area of about 1. 5% returns on the government was yielding about 2%. 32 CHAPTER THREE 3. 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this work certain methods were used, this chapter explains in details the procedure adopted in arriving at the inference of this research work. Research decision is the frame work of investigating a research problem, in other words it refers to the methods used in collecting data which are to be used in investigating and analysing a research problem. Data collection on its own involves a range of activities from the individuals in the library extracting information from volume of materials available as regards to this work. Taking into consideration the fact that two main forms of data collection exist (i. e. the primary and secondary sources). privatization and commercialization (pc) in Nigeria will be handled as a dummy variable. 33 Secondary data will be used in this research work and will be obtained from the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The method adopted by the work is the multiple regression with OLS technique of estimation. 3. 2 MODEL SPECIFICATION. In this section we pursue our objective further by specifying our model. The model is to verify the performance and effect of privatization and commercialization on Nigerian economy. The approach is to modify the model by specifying a multiple regression equation made up of Gross domestic product (GDP) as a function of the independent variables’ (i. e. inflation rate (inf), investmen